Interview Tips

Hi Friends,

There are three main steps in the interview process: preparation, the interview itself, and follow-up.

Preparation

1. Know the exact place and time of the interview, the interviewer's full name and the correct pronunciation, and his or her title.
   
2. Research pertinent facts about the company, such as annual sales revenue, main businesses and products, and locations. A visit to the company's web site or a short web search often provide this information.
   
3. Be ready to discuss how the job might impact your immediate and longer-term career growth.
   
4. Determine 6 to 10 questions you want to ask in the interview. This will help you understand the company better, and it lets the interviewer know you are serious about the job.
   
5. Review the job description, your resume, and cover letter.
   
6. If appropriate, prepare a portfolio of your best work. This is expected in visual arts, writing, or editing. Programmers can use screen captures, diagrams, and short descriptions of applications or other projects they've handled.
   
7. Rehearse answering some questions related to your resume or the career field that you think might be asked.
   

The interview

1. Wear proper business attire, be enthusiastic, and greet the interviewer by name, with a solid handshake and a smile.
   
2. Wait until you are offered a chair before sitting. Sit upright, and look alert and interested. Focus your attention on the interviewer at all times.
   Follow the interviewer's leads, but try to get him/her to describe the job and duties early, so you can apply your abilities to the position throughout the interview.
   
3. Don't smoke, even if the interviewer does and offers you a cigarette. Do not chew gum.
   
4. Remember that the interviewer is the mechanism the potential employer uses to determine a "right match."
   
5. Don't forget that the interview also is crucial for you to determine whether the job is right for you. It may turn out not to be a good fit.
   
6. Don't lie, or make unnecessary derogatory remarks about your present or former employers. Limit your comments, if you are asked, to those necessary to adequately convey why you left or are seeking different employment.
   
7. Don't over-answer the questions, especially if the interviewer directs the discussion into politics or other controversial issues.

Follow-up

1. Within one day, be sure to send a thank you letter to the interviewer. If you were interviewed by two people, send two different letters. If you were interviewed by several people, you can send one letter to the main person supervising the hiring process. Thank him/her for the interview and for the other interviews, and ask that your appreciation be extended to the other interviewers.
   
2. All letters should mention the name of the position and interview date.
   
3. Indicate that you are still interested in the position (or not, if that is the case).
   
4. If possible, mention something you learned or discussed in the interview. Let the interviewer know you can be reached by phone or email, and list your email address and phone number.

Predictors of success

1. Ability to communicate clearly
   
2. Demonstrated teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving skills
   
3. Career-related work experience
   
4. Knowledge of the hiring organization
   
5. Ask good questions
   
6. Flexibility and enthusiasm
   
7. People skills
   
8. Professional appearance
   
9. Ambitious and motivated
   

Predictors of failure

1. Lack of qualifications
   
2. Inability to communicate clearly
   
3. Small evidence of prior achievement
   
4. Lack of knowledge about or interest in the organization
   
5. Unwillingness to relocate
   
6. Appear overbearing, overaggressive, conceited
   
7. Too much emphasis on money and benefits
   
8. Failure to follow-up
   

If u follows the above mentioned tips then sure you will crack your interview.

All the best.

keep Rocking......

Regards,

5stararun.....

List of Universities in India & Contact Address

List of Universities in India

1. Amity University, Private University and a part of Amity Education Group with over 50000 students across 600 acres of campuses. [ http://www.amity.edu/] - Amity Campus, Sector 44, Noida- 201303. Tel: 1800-11-00-00 (Toll Free)

2. Amravati University, Amravati 444602. Bihar. Fax 91-0721-662135 -Tel 91-0721-662093

3. Andhra University, Waltair, Vishakhapatnam 530003. -Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-0891-555547
Tel 0891-555547

4. Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600025. Tamil Nadu.Fax 91-044-2350397
Tel 044- 2352161 / 2351445

5. Acharya N G Ranga Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University,- Hyderabad 500 030, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91- 040- 241031 . Tel 040-245035

6. University of Agricultural Sciences- Post Box No.2477, G K V.K Campus Hebbal, Bangalore 560 065, Karnataka. Fax 91-080-3330277. Tel 080-3330984



7. University of Agricultural Sciences, Krishinagar, Dharwad 580005, Karnataka. Fax 91-0836-41949
Tel 0836-347783


8. Alagappa University,Alagappa Nagar,Karaikud 623 003, Tamil Nadu.Fax 91-04565-23065. Tel 04565-22583

9. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0571-401885 -Tel 0571-400994/ 400220

10. University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, Uttar Pradesh.-Tel 0532-608157/ 608083

11. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029. Delhi Fax 91-011-6862663
Tel 011-6857639 / 6964796

12. Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002. Tamil Nadu. Fax 91-04144-23080 -Tel 91-04144-22249

13. Arunachal University, Rono Hills, Itanagar 791111, Arunachal Pradesh. Fax 91-0360-47317
Tel 0360 - 47252 / 47253

14. Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785 013, Assam. Fax 91-0376-320919 -Tel 0376- 320965

15. Assam University, PB No.63, Meherpur, Silchar 788 015, Assam.Fax 91-03842-32779 Tel 03842-32779/ 21797

16. Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, TamilNadu. Fax 91-0422-438786 -Tel 0422-441252

17. Awadhesh Pratap Singh University,Rewa 486 003, Madhya Pradesh. Fax 91-07662-42175-Tel 07662-22519/22277

18. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh. -Fax 91-0542-312059 -Tel 0542-311938/ 311558

19. Banashtali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304 022. Fax 91-01438-8365 -Tel 01438-8371/ 8359

20. Bangalore University, JnanaBharathi, Bangalore560056, Karnataka. Fax 91-080-3389295
Tel 080- 3303023

21. Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal 462 006, Madhya Pradesh -Fax 91-0755-581835- Tel 0755-587236/ 547103

22. B N Mandal University, Madhepura 852 113. Bihar.- Tel 06476-2069

23. Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur 842001. Uttar Pradesh Tel 0621 243066

24. Babasaheb Bhimarao Ambedkar University, Gomtinagar, Lucknow 226016. Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0522-392672 -Tel 0522-391353

25. Bengal Engineering College, Howrah 711103, West Bengal.-Fax 91-033-6604564-Tel 033-6602916

26. Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, District Ganjarn, Berhampur 760 007, Orissa. Tel 06812- 2122

27. Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu. Fax 91-0422-422387 -Tel 0422- 422203

28. Bidhan Chandra Krishi .P O Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Haringhata, Dist Nadia 741 252, West Bengal.
29. Fax 91-033-828721-Tel 033-33275/ 829772

30. Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835 215. Bihar. Fax 91-0651-300615
Tel 0651- 435857

31. Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan. Fax 91-01596-42184
Tel 01596-42192


32. Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024,TamilNadu. Fax 91-0431- 60320 Tel 0431-60248/

33. Bharati Vidyapeeth, Lal Bahadur shastri Marg, Pune 411 030, Maharashtra. Fax 91-0212-354875/439121
Tel 0212-442279/355188

34. Bhavnagar University, GouriShankar Lake Road, Bhavanagar 364 002. Gujarat. Fax 91-0278-426706
Tel 0278- 428014

35. Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi 834 006, Bihar.-Tel 0651-304451/304389

36. University of Bombay, M.G.Road, Fort, Mumbai 400001, Maharashtra. Fax 91-022-2652932
Tel 022-2656953

37. University of Bundelkhand, Jhansi 284 001, Uttar Pradesh Fax 91-0517-440321 -Tel 0517-440321/441578

38. University of Burdwan, Rajbari, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal. Fax 91-0342-64452
Te1 0342- 2300

39. University of Calcutta, Calcutta 700 073.West Bengal -Fax 91-033-2413222-Tel 033- 311537

40. University of Calicut, Kozhikode 673635, Kerala. Fax 91-049580269
Tel 0495-80241

41. Central Agricultural University, Imphal 795 001, Manipur.-Fax 91-03852-310636
Tel 03852-310636

42. Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-040-7018402 --Tel 040-7018225

43. Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, Varanasi 221007, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0542-385150 -Tel 0542-385148

44. Choudhury Charan Singh University, Meerut 250 005, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0121-560554
Tel 0121-560554/562021

45. Choudhury Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hissar 125 004. Haryana. Fax 91-01662-73552 -Tel 01662-31640/31610

46. Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology,Kanpur 208 002, Uttar Pradesh.
Fax 91-0512-210408 Tel 0512-294557

47. Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi 682 022, Kerala. Fax 91-0484-532800
Tel 0484-540619

48. Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, PB No.1419, Thyagarayanagar,Madras 600 017, Tamil Nadu.
Tel 044- 4341824

49. Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra 282 005, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0562-351845
Tel 0562-350059

50. Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune 411 006, Maharashtra. Fax 91-0212-660104-Tel 0212-662982/ 660104

51. University of Delhi, Delhi 110007. Fax 91-011-7257049 -Tel 011 7257853


52. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya,R N Tagore Marg, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. Fax 91-0731- 470372
Tel 0731- 464148

53. Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam. Tel 0373-70239/ 70231

54. Dr B R Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad 500 033, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-040-244830
Tel 040- 248270


55. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra 282 004. Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0562-352116 .Tel 0562-352135

56. Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University P. O. Goregaon, Lonere 402 103
57. Maharashtra. Fax 91-02140-50440 -Tel 02140- 50102

58. Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Fax 91-02432334291
Tel 02432- 334104

59. Dr B.R.Ambedkar Open University, Ahmedabad 380 014, Gujarat. Fax 91-079-420019
Tel 079-400496

60. Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 470 003, Madhya Pradesh.Fax 91-07582-23236
Tel 07582-23236

61. Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishinagar, Akola 444104, Maharashtra. Fax 91-0724-58219 -Tel 0724-58372

62. Dr Ram Manohar Lohia University, Faizabad 224 001, Uttar Pradesh -Fax 91-0527-814230-Tel 0527-812957

63. Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni 173 230, Dist. Solan, Himachal Pradesh
Fax 91-01792-5225- Tel 01792-852219

64. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0135-23258-Tel 0135- 27021

65. Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram 624 302, Dindigul Anna District, Tamil Nadu. Fax 91-04557-52323 -Tel 04557-52305/52323

66. Gauhati University, Gopinath Bardoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781 014, Assam -Fax 91-0361-570133
Tel 0361- 570415

67. Goa University, Goa. -Tel 0832- 221376

68. Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune 411 004, Maharashtra.-Fax 91-0212-331737
Tel 0212-350287

69. University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur 273 009, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0551-340459 -Tel 0551- 340542

70. Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Dist Nainital.
Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-05948-33608 -Tel 05948-33500

71. Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar, Dantiwada 385 506, Gujarat.

72. Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar 361 008, Gujarat. Tel 0288-77324/ 76854

73. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat. Fax 91-079-441654
Tel 079-407362

74. Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 014. Gujarat. Fax 91-079-6569574
Tel 91-079-6569574

75. Gulbaraga University, Gulbarga 585 106, Karnataka. Fax 91-08472-21632 Tel 08472-21447

76. Guru Ghasidas University Bilaspur 495 001, Madhya Pradesh Fax 91-07752-24419
Tel 07752- 22852

77. Guru Jambheshwar University, Hissar 125 001, Haryana. Fax 91-01662-31240 -Tel 01662- 31225

78. Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Hardwar 249 404, Uttar Pradesh.

79. Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab. Fax 91-0183-258820
Tel 0183- 258855

80. University of Health Sciences,Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-0866-540463
Tel 0866- 540431

81. Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246 174. Jammu & Kashmir-Fax 91-01388-2174-Tel 01388-2168

82. Himachal Pradesh University -Shimla 171 005, Himachal Pradesh -Fax 91-0177-212080
Tel 0177- 231371

83. Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. .Fax 91-01894-30511
Tel 01894-30383

84. University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-040-258145
Tel 040- 258245

85. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012. Fax 91-011-5740722,5766420
Tel 011- 5782817

86. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka.Fax 91-080-3341683 .Tel 080- 3340757

87. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal. Fax 91-03222-2303
Tel 03222-2386

88. Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai (Madras) 600 036, Tamil Nadu Fax 91-0442350509,2350466
Tel 044-2350888

89. Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai 400 076. Maharashtra. Fax 91-022-5783546
Tel 022- 5783645

90. Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016. Delhi. Fax 91-011-6862037 Tel 011-6863473

91. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0512-250260 -Tel 0512-250465

92. Indian Institute of Technology, Institution of Engineers Building Pan Bazar, Guwahati 781 001, Assam.
Fax 91-0361-531916 Tel 0361-521915

93. Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826 004, Bihar.Fax 91-0326-202380, 203042
Tel 0326-205403

94. Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Calcutta 700 035, West Bengal.
Fax 91-033-566680 Tel 033- 529280

95. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh. .Fax 91-0581-73691-Tel 0581-50069

96. Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Gen. A.K. Vaidya Marg, Mumbai 400 065, Maharashtra. Fax 91-022-8402752 Tel 022- 8401336

97. Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sheikhpura, Patna 800 014, Bihar.

98. Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, MadhyaPradesh. Fax91-0771-424532
Tel 0771- 424347

99. Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, NewDelhi 110 068. Fax 91-011-6862312,6890863 -Tel 011-6862707/ 6862598

100. Indira Kala Sangit Vishwavidyalaya, Khairagarh 491 881. Madhya Pradesh. Tel 07820-44232

101. International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088. Maharashtra. Fax 91-022-5563257 -Tel 022-5563254

102. Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700 032, West Bengal.-Fax 91-033-4736236
103. Tel 033- 4735339

104. Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur 342 001, Rajasthan. Fax 91-029133733 -Tel 0291-/31733

105. Jai Prakash Vishwavidyalaya, Chhapra 841 301, Bihar. Tel 06152- 42607

106. Jain Vishva Bharati Institute, P.O. Box 6, Ladnun 341 306, Rajasthan.
Tel 01581-22116

107. Jamia Millia Islamia, Jarnia Nagar, New Delhi 110 062. Fax 91-011-6821232 Tel 011- 6830337

108. University of Jammu, Baba Sahib Ambedkar Road, Jarnmu (Tawi) 180 004. Jammu & Kashmir.

109. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Krishi Nagar, Jabalpur 482 004. Madhya Pradesh.

110. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Saifabad, Hyderabad 500 028, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-040-397648-Tel 040-391460

111. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110 067. Fax 91-011-6198234

112. Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474 011. Madhya Pradesh-Fax 91-0751-341450 -Tel 0751- 341896

113. Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-08712-78935 -Tel 08712-77687

114. University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741 234, West Bengal.

115. Kameshwar Singh Darbhangha Sanskrit University, Darbhangha 846 004, Bihar. Tel-06272-2178

116. Kannada University, Hampi 583 211, Karnataka.Fax 91-08394-5355

117. Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad 580 003, Karnataka. Fax 91-0836-347884
118. Tel 0836- 348850

119. University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190 006, Fax 91-0194-78202 .Tel 0194-52333

120. University of Kerala, Trivandrum 695034, Kerala. Fax 91-0471-447158 . Tel 0471- 445726

121. Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Trichur 680 654, Kerala. Fax 91-0487-370019 -Tel 0487-370034

122. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli 415712, District. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. Fax 91-02358-82074
Tel 02358- 82065

123. Kota Open University, Rawatbhata road, Akhelgarh, Kota 324010, Rajasthan. -Fax 91-0744- 426159
Tel 0744 - 421254

124. Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001. Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-05942-2576 Tel 05942- 2563

125. Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 132 119, Haryana. Fax 91-01744-30277
Tel 01744-30026

126. Kuvempu University, Gnanasahyadri, District. Shimoga, Karnataka-Fax 91-08182-35255-Tel 08182-35222

127. Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga 846004, Bihar. Tel 06272- 22598

128. Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Shaktinagar, Gwalior 474 007, Madhya Pradesh. Fax 91-0751-340553 -Tel 0751-341373

129. University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, Uttar Pradesh.Fax 91-0522-381583
Tel 0522-72761

130. University of Madras, Madras 600 005, Tamil Nadu. -Fax 91-044-567654 .-Tel 044-561055

131. Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu. Fax 91-0452-85481 -Tel 0452- 85481

132. Magadh University, Bodh Gaya 824 234, Bihar. Fax 91-0631-20161 Tel 0631-400490

133. Madhya Pradesh Bhoj University, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh. Tel 0755-587236

134. M S University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat. Fax 91-0265-341703 Tel 0265- 328721

135. Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati University, Ajmer 305001, Rajasthan. Fax 91-0145-423601
Tel 0145-431331

136. Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak l24001,Haryana. Fax 91-01262-431132 -Tel 01262- 431331

137. Mahatma Gandhi Gramodya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakut 485 331 District.Satna, Madhya Pradesh
Tel 07672-65412

138. Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala. -Fax 91-0481-597731-Tel 0481- 597605

139. Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi 221002, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0542-350268
Tel 0542-358160

140. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri 413722, Maharashtra. Fax 91-0755-561970
Tel 0755- 43216

141. Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University, Bhopal 462 016, Madhya Pradesh. Fax 91-0755-561970
Tel 0755-575307

142. Malabar University, Payyambalam, Kannur 678 710, Kerala.

143. Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangalore 574 199, Karnataka.-Fax 91-0824-742424
Tel 0824- 742276

144. Manipal Academy of Higher Education Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 119, Karnataka. -Fax 91-08252-70500, 70062 -Tel 08252-71265

145. Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur.

146. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelvali 627 009, Tamil Nadu -Fax 91-0462-45582 -Tel 0462-337321

147. Marathwada Krishi .Vidyapeeth, Parbhani 431 402, Maharashtra .Fax 91-02452-45002- Tel 02452-45002

148. Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313 001, Rajasthan. Fax 91-0294-413150 .-Tel 0294-413597

149. Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal 624102,TamilNadu. Fax 91-04542-41121
Tel 04542- 41122

150. University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore 570 005, Karnataka. Fax 91-0821-521263 -Tel 0821-564666

151. Nagaland University, Lumami, Kohima 797001, Nagaland. Fax 91-03866-21331- Tel 03886- 21331

152. Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522 510, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-0863-293378 -Tel 0863- 223225

153. Nagpur University, Rabindranath Tagore Marg, Nagpur 440 001, Maharashtra.- Fax 91-0712-532841
Tel 0712-525417

154. Nalanda Open University, Adarsh Colony -Patna 800 001, Bihar. -Fax 91-0612-223018
Tel 061-2214330

155. Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &Technology, Faizabad 224 229, Uttar Pradesh
Fax 91-05272-814947 - Tel 05272-814835

156. National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, Haryana. -Fax 91-0814-250042 -Tel 0814-252800

157. National Law School of Indian University, Bangalore 560 072, Karnataka. Fax 91-080-3387858 --Tel 080- 3303160

158. National Museum Institute of History of Art, Conservation and Museology, Janpath, NewDelhi 110 001. Fax 091-011-3019821 -Tel 011- 3011899

159. Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Panjagutta, Hyderabad 500 482, Andhra Pradesh. -Fax 91-040-229316, 310076

160. University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734 430, West Bengal. .Fax 91-0353-450546 -Tel 0353- 450305

161. North Eastern Hill University,Shillong, Meghalaya. Fax 91-0364-760076 -Tel 0364-760067

162. North Gujarat University, Rajmahal Road, Patan 384 265, Gujarat. Fax 91-02766-20917 .Tel 02766-30456

163. North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, Maharashtra. -Fax 91-0257-23637 .-Tel 0257- 29624

164. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa. Fax 91-0674-407780
Tel 0674-402677

165. Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007.Andhra Pradesh Fax 91-040-869020 Tel 040 -868951

166. Pandit Ravishankar Shokla University, Raipur 492010. Madhya Pradesh. Fax 91-0771-534283
Tel 0771-536770

167. Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, Punjab.Fax 91-0172-541022 .Tel 0172-541716

168. Patna University, Patna 800005, Bihar. Fax 91-0612-650877 Tel- 0612-650531

169. Pondicherry University, Pondicherry 605 014, Pondicherry. Fax 91-0413-65265 -Tel 0413-65261

170. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, Punjab. Fax 91-0172-540401 -Tel 0172- 541376

171. Potti Sriramulu Telugu University, Public Gardens, Hyderabad 500 004, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-040-236045 -Tel 040-541041/ 541376

172. University of Pune, Pune 411 007. Maharashtra. -Fax 91-0212-353899
Tel 0212-357388

173. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab.Fax 91-0161-400945 Tel 0161-400955

174. Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab -Fax 91-0175-822881 -Tel 0175-822416

175. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur 222 002, Uttar Pradesh. Tel 05452-52009/ 53394

176. Rabindra Bharati University, Calcutta 700 050, West Bengal. Fax 91-033-5568079 Tel 033- 5573028

177. University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004. Rajasthan-Tel 0141-511863/ 510813

178. Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner 334 002, Rajasthan. Fax 91-0151-71092 - Tel 0151- 61476

179. Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan. Tel 0294-561104

180. Rajendra Agricultural University, Samastipur 848 125, Bihar. Fax 91-0612-22564 Tel 0612- 74239

181. Ranchi University, Ranchi 834 008, Bihar. Tel 0651- 208553

182. Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Saraswati Vihar, Jabalpur 482 001 Madhya Pradesh.-Fax 91-0761-323752 -Tel 0761- 320785

183. Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh. -Fax 91-08574-27937 -Tel 08574- 24090

184. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 243 001, Uttar Pradesh. -Fax 91-0581-475537 -Tel 0581-50263

185. University of Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, Uttar Pradesh.-Fax 91-01332-73560 -Tel 01332- 72430

186. Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Orissa. Tel 0663-827158

187. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow 226 00l. Uttar Pradesh Fax 091-0522-259973 -Tel 0522-451012

188. Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Gujarat.-Fax 91-02692-46475 -Tel 02692-30009

189. Saurashtra University, University Road, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat. Fax 91-0281-4063 -Tel 0281- 41347

190. School of Planning and Architecture, Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi 100 022 Fax 91-011-3319435
Tel 011-3712667

191. Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar 191 121, Jammu & Kashmir.- Tel 0194-73459

192. Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, Maharashtra. Fax 91-0231-656133 .Tel 0231- 658268

193. Siddhu Kanhu University, Santal Pargana, Dumka 814101, Bihar. Fax 91-06434-2441 .-Tel 06434- 2495

194. Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, Puri 752 001, Orissa. Tel 06752- 22669

195. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110 016.
Fax 91-011-6851253 -.Tel 011-6851251

196. Shri Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208 024, Uttar Pradesh. Fax 91-0512-250006
Tel 0512- 214506

197. Sikkim-Manipal University of Health, Medical & Technological Sciences, Tadong, Gangtok 737 102, Sikkim Fax 91-03592-23845

198. S N DT Women's University, Nathibai Thackersey Road, Mumbai 400 020, Maharashtra. -Tel 022-291881

199. South Gujarat University, Udhana Magdalla Road, Surat 395 007, Gujarat. Tel 0261- 667406

200. Sree Shankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kaladi 683 574, Nalanda Chirkalam Road, Trivandrum 695 001, Kerala. Tel 09857-63380

201. Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswamahavidyalaya, Kancheepuram -631 502, Tamil Nadu.
Tel 04112-23885

202. Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur 515 003, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-08554-55244
Tel 08554-55231

203. Sri Padmavati Mahila Vishwavidyalayam, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh. -Fax 91-08574-24111 -Tel 0857-27647

204. Sri Ramchandra Medical College and Research Institute, Ramachandranagar, Porur, Madras 600 116, Tamil Nadu. Fax 91-044-4827008 -Tel 044-4828403

205. Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthinilayam 515 134, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. - Tel 08555-87239

206. Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-08574-24603 - Tel 08574-22142

207. Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 5l7 507, Andhra Pradesh. Fax 91-08574-27867 -Tel 0857-427727

208. Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded 431 603, Maharashtra.
Tel 02462- 21441

209. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu - Fax 91-0422-431672 - Tel 0422- 431821

210. Tamil Nadu Dr M G R Medical University - Anna Salai Guindy, Chennai 600 032, Tamil Nadu. .Fax 91-044-2353698 - Tel 044-2353595

211. Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University - Chennai 600 007, Tamil Nadu. -Fax 91-04-4581886 - Tel 044-560506

212. Tamil University, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu. -Fax 91-04362-20040 -Tel 04362-21954

213. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088, Maharashtra. Fax 91-022-5562912
Tel 022- 5567417

214. Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 001, Dist. Sonitpur, Assam. Fax 91-03712-215397 -Tel 03712- 30409

215. Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune 411 037. Maharashtra. Fax 91-0212-466068
Tel 0212- 464699

216. Tripura University, Agartala 799 004, Tripura- Fax 91-0381-225434 -Tel 0381-225434
217. Tilakamanihi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur 812007, Bihar.Fax 91-0641-422576
218. Vikram University, Ujjain 456 010, Madhya Pradesh. Tel 0734- 52072

219. Vinoba Bhave University, Hazari Bagh 825 301, Bihar.Fax 91-06546-24279 - Tel 06546-24279

220. Visvabharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal -Fax 91-03463-52672 -Tel 03463- 52751

221. Veer Kunwar Singh University, Arrah 802 301, Bihar.

222. Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal. Fax 91-03226-62329 -Tel 03226-62297

223. West Bengal University of Animal & Fisheries Sciences, Belgachia, Calcutta 700 037, West Bengal.
Tel 033-5565021

224. Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, College Road, Nasik 422 005,
Maharashtra. - Fax 91-0253-351716 -Tel 0253- 351716

ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS

ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS

The electromechanical relays are based on the comparison between operating torque/force and restraining torque/force. The VA burden of such relays is high.The characteristics of these relays have some limitations.Each relay can perform only one protective function. Such relays are used for simple and less costly protection purposes.For important and costly equipment and installation static relays are preferred.Protective relaying is necessary with almost every electrical plant, and no part of the power system is left unprotected.

The choice of protection depends upon several aspects such as type and rating of the protected equipment,its importance,location,cost and probable abnormal conditions.Between generators and final load points,there are several electrical equipments and machines of various ratings. Each needs certain adequate protection.The protective relaying senses the abnormal conditions in a part of the power system and gives an alarm or isolates that part from the healthy system.The relays used in this project are compact, self-contained devices which related abnormalconditions relays distinguish normal and abnormal conditions.

Regulator (automatic control)

Regulator (automatic control)

In automatic control, a regulator is a device which has the function of maintaining a designated characteristic. It performs the activity of managing or maintaining a range of values, in a machine. The measurable property of a device is managed closely by specified conditions or an advance set value; or it can be a variable according to a predetermined arrangement scheme. It can be used generally to connote any set of various controls or devices for regulating or controlling items or objects.

Examples are a voltage regulator (which can be a transformer whose voltage ratio of transformation can be adjusted, or an electronic circuit that produces a defined voltage), a gas regulator, such as a diving regulator, which maintains its output at a fixed pressure lower than its input, and a fuel regulator (which controls the supply of fuel).
Regulators can be designed to control anything from gasses or fluids, to light or electricity. Speed can be regulated by; electronic, mechanical, or electro-mechanical means. Such instances include;

Electronic regulators as used in model railway sets where the voltage is raised or lowered to control the speed of the engine
Mechanical systems such as valves as used in fluid control systems. Purely mechanical pre-automotive systems included sych designs as the Watt centrifugal governor whereas modern systems may have electronic fluid speed sensing components directing solenoids to set the valve to the desired rate.

Complex electro-mechanical speed control systems used to maintain speeds in modern cars (cruise control) - often including hydraulic components

Combination (hybrid) regulators

Combination (hybrid) regulators

Many power supplies use more than one regulation method in series. For example, the output from a switching regulator can be further regulated by a linear regulator. The switching regulator accepts a wide range of input voltages and efficiently generates a (somewhat noisy) voltage slightly above the ultimately desired output. That is followed by a linear regulator that generates exactly the desired voltage and eliminates nearly all the noise generated by the switching regulator. Other designs may use an SCR regulator as the "pre-regulator", followed by another type of regulator

Types of Active regulators

Linear regulators

Linear regulators insert a variable resistance in series with the load current. In the past, one or more vacuum tubes were commonly used as the variable resistance. Modern designs use one or more transistors instead. Linear designs have the advantage of very "clean" output with little noise introduced into their DC output.
Entire linear regulators are available as integrated circuits. These chips come in either fixed or variable voltage types.

Switching regulators

Instead of controlling a variable resistance, the output of a switching regulator is controlled by rapidly switching a series device on and off. The duty cycle of the switch sets how much charge is transferred to the load. This is controlled by a similar feedback mechanism as in a linear regulator. Because the series element is either fully conducting, or switched off, it dissipates almost no power; this is what gives the switching design its efficiency. Switching regulators are also able to generate output voltages which are higher than the input, or of opposite polarity - something not possible with a linear design.
Like linear regulators, nearly-complete switching regulators are also available as integrated circuits. Unlike linear regulators, these usually require one external component: an inductor that acts as the energy storage element. (Unfortunately, the inductor must be external because large-valued inductors tend to be physically large relative to almost all other kinds of componentry; because of this, they are impossible to fabricate within integrated circuits.)

SCR regulators

Regulators powered from AC power circuits can use silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) as the series device. Whenever the output voltage is below the desired value, the SCR is triggered, allowing electricity to flow into the load until the AC mains voltage passes through zero (ending the half cycle). SCR regulators have the advantages of being both very efficient and very simple, but because they can not terminate an on-going half cycle of conduction, they are not capable of very accurate voltage regulation in response to rapidly-changing loads.

Comparing linear vs. switching regulators

Comparing linear vs. switching regulators

Sometimes only one or the other will work:

Linear regulators are best when low output noise is required.

Linear regulators are best when a fast response to input and output disturbances is required.

Switching regulators are best when power efficiency is critical (such as in portable computers).

Switching regulators are required when the only power supply is a DC voltage, and a higher output voltage is required.

In many cases either one would work. So the choice comes down to which costs less. At high levels of power (above a few watts), switching regulators are cheaper. At low levels of power, linear regulators are cheaper.

Active regulators

Active regulators

Because they (essentially) dump the excess current not needed by the load, shunt regulators are inefficient and only used for low-power loads. When more power must be supplied, more sophisticated circuits are used. In general, these can be divided into several classes:

1. Linear regulators
2. Switching regulators
3. SCR regulators

DC voltage stabilisers

DC voltage stabilisers

Many simple DC power supplies regulate the voltage using a shunt regulator such as a zener diode, avalanche breakdown diode, or voltage regulator tube. Each of these devices begins conducting at a specified voltage and will conduct as much current as required to hold its terminal voltage to that specified voltage. The power supply is designed to only supply a maximum amount of current that is within the safe operarating capability of the shunt regulating device (commonly, by using a series resistor). In shunt regulators, the voltage reference is also the regulating device.

If the stabiliser must provide more power, the shunt regulator output is only used to provide the standard voltage reference for the electronic device, known as the voltage stabiliser. The voltage stabiliser is the electronic device, able to deliver much larger currents on demand.

AC voltage stabilisers

AC voltage stabilisers

A voltage stabiliser is a type of household mains regulator which uses a continuously variable autotransformer to maintain an AC output that is as close to the standard or normal mains voltage as possible, under conditions of fluctuation. It uses a servomechanism (or negative feedback) to control the position of the tap (or wiper) of the autotransformer, usually with a motor. An increase in the mains voltage causes the output to increase, which in turn causes the tap (or wiper) to move in the direction that reduces the output towards the nominal voltage.
An alternative method is the use of a type of saturating transformer called a ferroresonant transformer. These transformers use a tank circuit composed of a high-voltage resonant winding and a capacitor to produce a nearly constant average output with a varying input. The ferroresonant approach is attractive due to its lack of active components, relying on the square loop saturation characteristics of the tank circuit to absorb variations in average input voltage. The ferroresonant output has a high harmonic content, leading to a distorted output waveform. The ferroresonant action is a flux limiter rather than a voltage regulator, but with a fixed supply frequency it can maintain an almost constant average output voltage even as the input voltage varies.

Mains regulators

Mains regulators

Electromechanical regulators have also been used to regulate the voltage on AC power distribution lines. These regulators generally operate by selecting the appropriate tap on a transformer with multiple taps. If the output voltage is too low, the tap changer switches connections to produce a higher voltage. If the output voltage is too high, the tap changer switches connections to produce a lower voltage. The controls provide a deadband wherein the controller will not act, preventing the controller from constantly hunting (constantly adjusting the voltage) to reach the desired target voltage.

Electromechanical regulators

Electromechanical regulators

Early automobile generators and alternators had a mechanical voltage regulator using two or three relays and various resistors to stabilize the generator's output at slightly more than 6 or 12 V, independent of the engine's rpm or the varying load on the vehicle's electrical system. More modern designs use solid state technology (transistors) to do the same.

These regulators operate by controlling the field current reaching the generator (or alternator) and in this way controlling the output voltage produced by the generator.

Types of Voltage regulator

Types of Voltage regulator

1 Electromechanical regulators
2 Mains regulators
3 AC voltage stabilisers
4 DC voltage stabilisers
5 Active regulators
5.1 Linear regulators
5.2 Switching regulators
5.3 Comparing linear vs. switching regulators
5.4 SCR regulators
5.5 Combination (hybrid) regulators

Voltage regulator

Voltage regulator

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
With the exception of shunt regulators, all voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element. This forms a negative feedback servo control loop. If the output voltage is too low, the regulation element is commanded to produce a higher voltage.

If the output voltage is too high, the regulation element is commanded to produce a lower voltage. In this way, the output voltage is held roughly constant. The control loop must be carefully designed to produce the desired tradeoff between stability and speed of response.

EMBEDDED SOFTWARE PROPERTIES

EMBEDDED SOFTWARE PROPERTIES

• Timeliness
• Concurrency
• Liveness
• Interfaces
• Heterogeneity
• Reactivity


TIMELINESS

• Time: systematically removed from theories of computation
• RTOSes often reduce the characterization of a task to a single number (its priority)
• But: computation does take time
– However, even with infinitely fast computers, time would still have to be dealt with
• Physical processes evolve over time
• Need to find abstractions that regain control of time!


CONCURRENCY

• In the physical world, multiple things happen at once
• Challenge: reconcile sequentially of software with the concurrency of the real world
– Classic approaches (semaphores, monitors etc) provide good foundation
• But: potentially insufficient
– One approach: compile concurrency away (Estrel)
• Estrel: synchronous/reactive language
– FSM based, deterministic behavior
• Pros: Higly reliable programs
• Cons: Too static for some systems
– Middle ground is needed



LIVENESS

• Programs must not terminate
– Unlike the traditional Turing model of computation, halting is undesirable
–Deadlock is an absolute ‘no- no’
• Correctness isn’t just about getting the right final answer
– Must consider things like timing, power consumption, fault recovery, security and robustness



REACTIVITY

• Interactive systems:
– react at their own speed (or the speed of the controlling human)
• Transformational systems
– Transform a data input to a data output (e.g. matrix multiplication)
• Reactive systems
– react continuously with environment, at the same speed
– Must adapt to changing conditions
• Resources and demands may change frequently
– Real-time constraints
– Safety-critical
• Fault-tolerance can be a major issue

NEW TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM H/W

NEW TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM H/W

• Systems-on-chip –Usual (or desired) specs:
• 32-bit RISC CPU
• Built-in interfaces to RAM and ROM
• Built-in DMA, interrupt and timing controllers
• Built-in interfaces to disk or flash memory
• Built-in Ethernet/802.11 interfaces
• Built-in LCD/CRT interfaces –New SOCs appearing almost every week!
• Examples – Intel StrongARM SA-1110, Motorola PowerPC MPC823e
– NEC VR4181
– Many, many more

COMPANIES ARE WORKING ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

COMPANIES ARE WORKING ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

• AXES technologies
• CG Smith
• Converge Labs
• Future Software
• IBM
• LUCENT
• MASCON
• Sundaram Telematics
• Visteon
• WIPRO
• TCS
• Infosys
• Robert Bosch
• Kshema Technologies
and so on…

THE JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN THE AREAS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

THE JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN THE AREAS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Hardware Design Engineer
• Software Design Engineer
• Device Driver Developer
• Kernel Developer
• Network Engineer
• RTOS Programmer
• Software Engineer in Research & Development

FUTURE OF EMBEDDED CONTROL

FUTURE OF EMBEDDED CONTROL

• Intelligent products are used everyday - Mobile Phones, Printers, Washing Machines, Microwave Ovens, Water Purifier, Air Conditioners etc.

• New generation Embedded Control will include Internet connectivity, RF controls & Blue Tooth.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN TODAY’S WORLD

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN TODAY’S WORLD

SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS -
Real-Time Video, Set-top Boxes, DVD Players, Medical Equipment, Residential Gateways


DISTRIBUTED CONTROL -
Network Routers, Switches, Firewalls, Mass Transit Systems, Elevators

SMALL SYSTEMS -
Mobile Phones, Pagers, Home Appliances, Toys, Smart Cards, MP3 players, PDAs, Digital Cameras, Sensors, Smart Badges



BENEFITS OF EMBEDDED CONTROL DESIGN

• Eliminates necessity of complex circuitry
• Smarter products
• Smaller size
• Lower cost
• User friendly
• State of the art technology

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS - EARLY HISTORY

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS - EARLY HISTORY

• Late 1940’s: MIT Whirlwind computer was designed for real-time operations.
– Originally designed to control an aircraft simulator.
• First microprocessor was Intel 4004 in early 1970’s.
• HP-35 calculator used several chips to implement a microprocessor in 1972.
• Automobiles used microprocessor - based engine controllers starting in 1970’s.
– Control fuel/air mixture, engine timing, etc.
– Multiple modes of operation: warm-up, cruise, hill climbing, etc.
– Provides lower emissions, better fuel efficiency.



EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

v MICROCONTROLLERS
· Atmel, Microchip – PIC, Maxim, Motorola


v DIGITAL SIGNAL CONTROLLERS
· Microchip – dsPIC, Texas Instruments


v DSP & RTOS
· Analog Devices, Texas Instruments


v VLSI
· Altera, Cypress, Cirrus Logic, Xilinx


MICROCONTROLLERS
• Microcontroller is a highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller.
• Typically, this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. A Microcontroller is designed for a very specific task – to control a particular system.
• As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs


DIGITAL SIGNAL CONTROLLER
• The Digital Signal Controller (DSC) is a powerful 16-bit (data) modified Harvard RISC machine that combines the control advantages of a high performance 16-bit Microcontroller (MCU) with the high computation speed of a fully implemented digital signal processor (DSP) to produce a tightly coupled single-chip single-instruction stream solution for embedded systems design.


DSP
• Specialized digital microprocessor used to efficiently and rapidly perform calculations on digitized signals that were originally analog in form (eg voice)
• The big advantage of DSP lies in the programmability of the processor, allowing parameters to be easily changed


VLSI
• Very large-scale integration, the process of placing thousands (or hundreds of thousands) of electronic components on a single chip.
• Nearly all modern chips employ VLSI architectures, or ULSI (ultra large scale integration)



TYPES OF MICRO CONTROLLER

More than 140 Types of Micro Controllers Available
Some of the examples are

• Microchip – PIC, dsPIC, rfPIC
• Atmel – AVR, ARM, 89cxx
• Analog Devices
• Texas Instruments
• ST Microcontrollers
• Zilog, Cypress, Maxim, Dallas, Motorola, etc.,

EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

· Automatic Teller Machines or ATM's & Bank Vaults
· Automotive & Automobile Engine Management systems: Electronic Dashboards, ABS brakes, transmission controls.
· Blue Tooth enabled Network Synchronization Applications
· Control Systems (Manufacturing, Cryogenics, Electric Power)
· Controls for Digital Equipment: CD Players, TV Remote, Programmable Sprinklers, Household Appliances, etc.
· Computer motherboards (BIOS chips, RTCs)
· Global Positioning and Navigation Systems
· Household Appliances
· Medical instrument’s controls - CT scanners, MRI Scanners, ECG, Pacemakers and implanted pumps, implanted heart monitors, etc.
· Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems
· Telecommunications (Private Branch Exchanges, Custom Premises Equipment)

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS COMPONENTS

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS COMPONENTS

1. MICRO CONTROLLERS (µC)
2. MICRO PROCESSORS (µP)
3. DIGITAL SIGNAL CONTROLLERS (DSC)
4. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS (DSP)
5. BUSSES (Data, Address, Input/output)
6. SYSTEM CLOCK - Steps µC / µP Through Each Instruction
   
7. READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM): Permanently Loaded With Instructions (FIRMWARE)
   
8. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
9. STORES DATA IN PROCESSING / SHARES DATA WITH EXTERNAL PARTNERS
   
10. REAL TIME CLOCK (RTC)
11. COMMUNICATIONS CIRCUITRY - Ethernet Port, Printer Port, Communications Port (RS232c, RS485, RS422, IEEE488)

FEATURES OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

FEATURES OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Real-Time Operation

• Reactive: computations must occur in response to external events
• Correctness is partially a function of time


Small Size, Low Weight
• Hand- held electronics and Transportation applications -- weight costs money

Low Power
• Battery power for 8+ hours (laptops often last only 2 hours)

Harsh environment
• Heat, vibration, shock, power fluctuations, RF interference, lightning, corrosion


Safety- critical operation
• Must function correctly and Must not function in correctly

Extreme cost sensitivity

Applications of Embedded Systems

Applications of Embedded Systems

General Computing
• Applications similar to desktop computing, but in an embedded package
• Video games, set- top boxes, wearable computers, automatic tellers

Control Systems
• Closed- loop feedback control of real- time system
• Vehicle engines, chemical processes, nuclear power, flight control

Signal Processing
• Computations involving large data streams
• Radar, Sonar, video compression

Communication & Networking
• Switching and information transmission
• Telephone system, Internet

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

· Sophisticated functionality
· Real-Time Operation
· Low Manufacturing Cost
· Low Power Consumption
· Eliminates Necessity of Complex Circuitry
· Smarter Products
· Smaller Size
· User Friendly
· State of the Art Technology

EMBEDDED SYSTEM ----2

Embedded systems: What are they?

A special purpose computer built into a larger device
• ‘Special-purpose’

Embedded systems have a (more or less) well-defined purpose Contrast with: general purpose computers (PCs etc)

• ‘Built into a larger device’
Embedded systems are (usually) part of a larger device, augmenting its capabilities

WHY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

It is EMBEDDED because the Micro Controller is ‘inside’ some other system.
For Example a Micro Controller is ‘EMBEDDED’ into your TV, car, or appliance

The consumer need not think about how to make it perform or process

§ Avoids lots of Electronics Components
§ Built in rich Features
§ Reduces the cost, space
§ Less Down Time for Maintenance
§ Probability of Failure is reduced
§ Easy interface with Computers

EMBEDDED SYSTEM Introduction

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system, which is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. An embedded system has specific requirements and perform pre-defined tasks, unlike a general-purpose personal computer.

An embedded system is a programmed hardware device. A programmable hardware chip is the 'raw material' and it is programmed with particular applications. This is to be understood in comparison to older systems with full functional hardware or systems with general purpose hardware and externally loaded software. Embedded systems are a combination of hardware and software which facilitates mass production and variety of application
A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function.

In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as in the case of an antilock braking system in a car.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM is a combination of SOFTWARE and HARDWARE.

An Embedded system is a system, that has a computing device embedded into it.

These are the controllers, processors, arrays or other hardware using dedicated (embedded) logic or programming (code) called “firmware” or a “microkernel”

Embedded systems are designed around a µC which integrates Memory & Peripherals