DEPTH FIRST TRAVERSAL IN GRAPH

//DEPTH FIRST TRAVERSAL IN GRAPH
#include
#include
int graph[10][10];
int visited[10];
void intialize_graph(int no_v)
{
int i,j;
for(i=1;i",start_v);
for(i=1;i<=no_v;i++) { if(i!=start_v && visited[i]==0 && graph[start_v][i]==1) { DFS(i,no_v); } } } void main() { int no_v,no_e; int s_v,e_v,start_v; int i,j; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter the number of vertices in the graph:-"); scanf("%d",&no_v); printf("\n Enter the number of edges in the graph:-"); scanf("%d",&no_e); printf("\n Enter the adjacent vertices of each graph"); for(i=1;i<=no_e;i++) { printf("\n Edges: %d-->start & end vertices:",i);
scanf("%d %d",&s_v,&e_v);
graph[s_v][e_v]=1;
graph[e_v][s_v]=1;
}
print_graph(no_v);

printf("\n\nDepth first Search:\nEnter the starting vertex for searching:-");
scanf("%d",start_v);
printf("Depth First Search Tree:-\n");
DFS(start_v,no_v);

getch();
}
/*
Output

Enter the number of vertices in the graph:-4

Enter the number of edges in the graph:-4

Enter the adjacent vertices of each graph
Edges: 1-->start & end vertices:1 2

Edges: 2-->start & end vertices:2 3

Edges: 3-->start & end vertices:3 4

Edges: 4-->start & end vertices:4 1

The Graph Matrix Representation:
1 2 3 4
1 0 1 0 1
2 1 0 1 0
3 0 1 0 1
4 1 0 1 0

Depth first Search:
Enter the starting vertex for searching:-4
Depth First Search Tree:-
64-->

*/

GRAPH IMPLEMENTATION

//GRAPH IMPLEMENTATION
#include
#include
int graph[10][10];
int visited[10];
void intialize_graph(int no_v)
{
int i,j;
for(i=1;i {
visited[i]=0;
for(j=1;j<=no_v;j++)
graph[i][j]=0;
}
}
void print_graph(int no_v)
{
int i,j;
printf("\n The Graph Matrix Representation: \n");
for(i=1;i<=no_v;i++)
printf("\t%d",i);
for(i=1;i<=no_v;i++)
{
printf("\n %d",i);
for(j=1;j<=no_v;j++)
printf("\t%d",graph[i][j]);
}
}
void main()
{
int no_v,no_e;
int s_v,e_v,start_v;
int i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the number of vertices in the graph:-");
scanf("%d",&no_v);
printf("\n Enter the number of edges in the graph:-");
scanf("%d",&no_e);
printf("\n Enter the adjacent vertices of each graph");
for(i=1;i<=no_e;i++)
{
printf("\n Edges: %d-->start & end vertices:",i);
scanf("%d %d",&s_v,&e_v);
graph[s_v][e_v]=1;
graph[e_v][s_v]=1;
}
print_graph(no_v);
getch();
}
/*
Output

Enter the number of vertices in the graph:-4

Enter the number of edges in the graph:-4

Enter the adjacent vertices of each graph
Edges: 1-->start & end vertices:1 2

Edges: 2-->start & end vertices:2 3

Edges: 3-->start & end vertices:3 4

Edges: 4-->start & end vertices:4 1

The Graph Matrix Representation:
1 2 3 4
1 0 1 0 1
2 1 0 1 0
3 0 1 0 1
4 1 0 1 0


*/

Quick Sort

#include
#include
int i,j,n,pivot,a[20];
void quick(int a[],int left,int right);
void swap(int a[],int i,int j);
void main()
{
int i,n,a[20];
clrscr();
printf("\n\n Enter the Limit : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n\n Enter the Elements \n");
for(i=0;i %d",a[i]);
getch();
}
void quick(int a[],int first,int last)
{
if(first=pivot&&j>first)
j--;
if(iswap(a,i,j);
}
swap(a,first,j);
quick(a,first,j-1);
quick(a,j+1,last);
}
}
void swap(int a[],int i,int j)
{
int temp;
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=temp;
}

binary search tree implementation

//
binary search tree implementation.
#include
#include
#include
typedef struct node
{
int data; struct bstree *left; struct bstree *right;
}tree;
tree *getnode();
void displaymenu();
tree *createbtree();
tree *insertnode(tree *btree,tree *temp);
tree *deletenode(int digit,tree *btree);
tree *searchnode(tree *btree,int key);
void view(tree *btree,int level);
tree *find(tree *btree,int item,tree **par);
tree *delnochild(tree *btree,tree *par,tree *loc);
tree *delonechild(tree *btree,tree *par,tree *loc);
tree *deltwochild(tree *btree,tree *par,tree *loc);

void main()
{
int choice,key;
tree *btree=NULL,*temp,*par,*loc;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
//clrscr();
displaymenu();
printf("\n\n ENTER U R CHOICE");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{ case 1: btree=NULL;
printf("\n Create a Binary tree ");
btree=createbtree();
break;
case 2:
printf("\n\n Insert the NODE in the tree ");
temp=getnode();
//readnode(temp);
btree=insertnode(btree,temp);
break;
case 3:
if(btree==NULL)
printf("Binary tree is empty...");
else
{ printf("\n Delete the node from the tree ");
printf("\n\n Enter the Element for Deleting the node : ");
scanf("%d",&key);
btree=deletenode(key,btree);
}
getch();
break;
case 4:
if(btree==NULL)
printf("Binary tree is empty...");
else { printf("\n search the node in the tree ");
printf("\n\n Enter the searching Element: ");
scanf("%d",&key);
temp=searchnode(btree,key);
if(temp==NULL)
printf("Search Element %d is not found",key);
else printf("\n Search Element %d is found",temp->data);
}
getch();
break;
case 5:
if(btree ==NULL)
printf("\n\n Binary tree is empty....");
else { printf("\n\n Binary search tree is ..");
view(btree,1);
}
getch();
break;
case 6:
printf("\n\n <----------End of your program--------->");
free(btree);
exit(0);
}//end of switch case
}//end of while
}void displaymenu()
{
printf("\n\n BINARY SEARCH TREE ->OPERATION");
printf("\n\n 1. Create a tree ");
printf("\n\n 2. Insert a node");
printf("\n\n 3. Delete a node");
printf("\n\n 4. Search a node");
printf("\n\n 5. Display the tree ");
printf("\n\n 6. EXIT");
}
tree *getnode() { tree *newnode;
newnode=(tree *)malloc(sizeof(tree));
printf("\n\n Enter the Data : ");
scanf("%d",&newnode->data);
newnode->left=newnode->right=NULL; r
eturn(newnode);
}
tree *createbtree()
{
char ch; tree *btree=NULL,*temp;
do
{
temp=getnode();
btree=insertnode(btree,temp);
fflush(stdin);
printf("\n\n Do you wish to add data in the tree[Y/N]: ");
scanf("%c",&ch);
}
while((ch=='Y')(ch=='y'));
return btree;
}
tree *find(tree *btree,int data,tree **par)
{
if(btree ==NULL)
return NULL;
else if (datadata)
{ *par=btree; return find(btree->left,data,par); }
else if (data>btree->data)
{
*par=btree; return find(btree->right,data,par);
}
else if(data==btree->data) return btree;
}
tree *insertnode(tree *btree,tree *temp)
{
tree *par=NULL,*loc=NULL;
loc=find(btree,temp->data,&par);
if(loc!=NULL) { printf("\n Data is already existing");
return btree;
}
if(btree==NULL) return temp;
else if(temp->datadata) par->left=temp;
else par->right=temp; return btree;
}
tree *deletenode(int key,tree *btree)
{
tree *par=NULL,*loc=NULL;
loc=find(btree,key,&par);
if(loc==NULL)
{
printf("\n\n Item is Not present");
return btree;
}
if(loc->left==NULL&&loc->right==NULL)
btree=delnochild(btree,par,loc);
if((loc->left!=NULL&&loc->right==NULL)(loc->left==NULL&&loc->right!=NULL))
btree=delonechild(btree,par,loc);
if(loc->left!=NULL&&loc->right!=NULL)
btree=deltwochild(btree,par,loc);
free(loc);
return btree;
}
tree *delnochild(tree *btree,tree *par,tree *loc)
{
if(par==loc)
return NULL;
else if(loc==par->left)
par->left=NULL;
else if(loc==par->right)
par->right=NULL; return btree;
}
tree *delonechild(tree *btree,tree *par,tree *loc)
{
tree *temp;
if(loc->left!=NULL)
temp=loc->left;
else temp=loc->right;
if(par==NULL)
btree=temp;
else if(loc==par->left)
par->left=temp;
else if(loc==par->right)
par->right=temp;
return btree;
}
tree *deltwochild(tree *btree,tree *par,tree *loc)
{
tree *suc,*parsuc;
parsuc=loc;
for(suc=loc->right;suc->left!=NULL;suc=suc->left)
parsuc=suc;
if(suc->left==NULL&&suc->right==NULL)
delnochild(btree,parsuc,suc);
else
delonechild(btree,parsuc,suc);
if(par==NULL)
btree=suc;
else if(loc==par->left)
par->left=suc;
else if(loc==par->right)
par->right=suc; suc->left=loc->left;
suc->right=loc->right; return btree;
}
tree *searchnode(tree *btree,int key)
{
if(btree==NULL)
return NULL;
else if(keydata)
return searchnode(btree->left,key);
else if(key>btree->data)
return searchnode(btree->right,key);
else if(key==btree->data) return btree;
}
void view(tree *btree,int level)
{
int k;
if(btree==NULL)
return;
view(btree->right,level+1);
printf("\n");
for(k=0;kprintf(" \t");
printf("%d",btree->data);
view(btree->left,level+1);
}

queue using linked list

//queue using linked list
#include
#include
#include
struct list
{
int data; struct list *next;
}
*rear=NULL,*front=NULL,*temp;
void display();
void enqueue()
{
temp=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
temp->next=NULL;
printf("\nEnter the data:-");
scanf("%d",&temp->data);
if(front==NULL)
{ front=temp; rear=front; }
else { rear->next=temp; rear=rear->next; }
display();
}v
oid dequeue()
{ if(front==NULL) display();
else
{
if(front==rear)
{ temp=front; front=NULL; rear=front; }
else { temp=front; front=front->next; }
printf("\n\nThe deleted item is %d",temp->data);
free(temp);
}
}
void display()
{
struct list *disp;
if(front==NULL)
printf("\nThe queue is empty");
else { printf("\nfront<--"); for(disp=front;disp!=NULL;disp=disp->next)
printf("%d <--",disp->data); printf("NULL");
}
}
void main()
{
int choice;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("\n\n1.Enqueue\t2.Dequeue\t3.Display\t4.Exit");
printf("\n\nEnter ur choice:->");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch (choice)
{ case 1: enqueue(); break; case 2: dequeue(); break; case 3: display(); break; case 4: exit(0); }
}
}
/*Output
1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit
Enter ur choice:->1
Enter the data:-1
front<--1 <--NULL 1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit Enter ur choice:->1
Enter the data:-2
front<--1 <--2 <--NULL 1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit Enter ur choice:->1
Enter the data:-3
front<--1 <--2 <--3 <--NULL 1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit Enter ur choice:->3
front<--1 <--2 <--3 <--NULL 1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit Enter ur choice:->2
The deleted item is 1
1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit
Enter ur choice:->2
The deleted item is 2
1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit
Enter ur choice:->2
The deleted item is 3
1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit
Enter ur choice:->2
The queue is empty
1.Enqueue 2.Dequeue 3.Display 4.Exit
Enter ur choice:->4
*/

stack using linked list

//stack usinglinked list
#include
#include
#include
struct list
{
int data; struct list *next;
}
*top=NULL,*head=NULL,*temp;
void display();
void push()
{
temp=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
temp->next=NULL;
printf("\nEnter the data:-");
scanf("%d",&temp->data);
if(head==NULL)
{
head=temp; top=head;
}
else
{
top->next=temp; top=top->next;
}
display();
}
void pop()
{
if(head==NULL)
display();
else
for(temp=head;temp!=NULL;temp=temp->next)
{
if (temp==top)
{
head=NULL;
top=head;
printf("\nThe poped out element is %d",temp->data);
free(temp);
break;
}
if(temp->next==top)
{
top=temp;
printf("\nThe poped out element is %d",temp->next->data);
top->next=NULL;
free(temp->next);
break;
}
}
}
void display()
{
struct list *disp;
if(head==NULL)
printf("\nThe stack is empty");
else
{ printf("\nhead<--");
for(disp=head;disp!=NULL;disp=disp->next)
printf("%d <--",disp->data); printf("NULL");
}
}

void main()
{
int choice;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("\n\n1.Push\t2.Pop\t3.Display\t4.Exit"); printf("\n\nEnter ur choice:->");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch (choice)
{
case 1: push(); break; case 2: pop(); break; case 3: display(); break; case 4: exit(0);
}
}
}

CENTRE for AFFILIATION of INSTITUTIONS ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI

(1)A.C.T. College of Engineering & Technology
Nelvoy Village, Pukkathurai Post,
Pukkathurai Uthiramerur High Road,
Maduranthagam, Kancheepuram District – 603 107.

(2)A.R. Engineering College
Vadakuchipalayam,
Kappiyampuliyur Post,
Villupuram – 605 601.

(3)A.M.S. College of Engineering
Nizara Educational Campus,
Muthapudupet, Avadi - I.A.F 600055.

(4)Adhi College of Engineering & Technology
No. 174, Pazhayaseevaram,
Madura Sankarapuram Village,
Kancheepuram District.

(5)Adhiparasakthi College of Engineering
G.B. Nagar, Kalavai, Arcot Taluk,
Vellore District - 632 506

(6)Adhiparasakthi Engineering College
Melmaruvathur, Melmaruvathur Post,
Cheyyar Taluk, Kancheepuram District - 603 319.

(7)Alpha College of Engineering
No 34, Udayavar Koil Village
Thirumezhisai, Poonamallee,
Thiruvallur dist, Chennai 602 107

(8)Anand Institute of Higher Technology
Kalasalingam Nagar, Old Mahabalipuram Road,
Kazhipattur Village, Chengalpattu Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 603103

(9)Annai Teresa College of Engineering
Cuddalore – Ulundurpet Road,
Thirunavalur Village, Thirunavalur Post,
Ulundurpet Taluk, Villupuram District – 607 204.

(10)Apollo Engineering College
Mevaloorkuppam, Valarpuram (P.O)
Sriperumbudur Taluk,
Kanchipuram District – 602 105

(11)Arignar Anna Institute of Science and Technology
Pennalur Village, Pennalur Post office,
Sriperumpudur Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 602 105

(12)ARM College of Engineering & Technology
Sattamangalam, Maraimalainagar,
Chenaglpet Taluk, Kanchipuram District – 603 203.

(13)Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering
Moranam–Kalavai Road, Vadamavandal Village,
Namandi Post Office, Cheyyar Taluk,
Thiruvannamalai District – 604 410

(14)Arunai Engineering College
Mathur, Tiruvannamalai – 606 603

(15)Asan Memorial College of Engineering & Technology
Oragadam Road, Thandarai Village,
Peria Irumbedu P.O., (Via)
Manambathi , Chengalpattu – 603 105.

B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Engineering College
G.S.T. Road, Vandalur Village, Vandalur Post Office,
Chengalpattu Taluk, Kancheepuram District – 600 048.

Balaji Institute of Engineering & Technology
Thandalam Village, Thiruporur,
Chengalpattu Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 603 110.

Bhajarang Engineering College
Ayathur Village, Veppampattu R.S,
Trivellure Taluk,
Trivellure District – 602 024.

Bharathidasan Engineering College
MGR Nagar, K.Bhadarapalli Village,
K.Bandarapalli post, Tirupattur Taluk,
Vellore District – 635 852

BKR College of Engineering & Technology
BKR Nagar, Chennai-Tirupathi Highway,
Perungalathur, Arakkonam,
Tiruvallur District.

C.Abdul Hakeem College of Engineering and Technology
Hakeem Nagar, Melvisharam – 632 509
Vellore District

Central institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology.
Guindy,
Chennai

D.M.I. College of Engineering
Palanchoor, Mevalurkuppam ‘B’ Village,
Nazrethpet Post, Kancheepuram District – 602 103

Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering
NH48 (Kancheepuram High Road),
Vanchuvanchery, Padappai Post,
Sriperumpudur Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 601 301.

Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering
Manimangalam – Puduchery Road,
Manimangalam Village, Manimangalam Post Office,
Sriperumpudur Taluk, Kancheepuram District – 601 301.

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering and Technology
East Coast Road, Poonjeri Village,


Thirukkalukundram Taluk,
Kancheepuram District - 603 104.

Dr.Paul’s Engineering College
Pauls Nagar, Pulichapallam Village,
Vanur Taluk, Villupuram District – 605 109.

E.S. College of Engineering & Technology
Ayyankoilpattu,
Chennai Trunk Road,
Villupuram – 605 602

Easwari Engineering College
Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram,
Chennai – 600 089.

G.G.R. College of Engineering
Pillayarkuppam, Chennai Bangalore Highway,
Perumugai Post, Vellore – 632 009

G.K.M. College of Engineering and Technology
Alappakkam-Mappedu Road,
G.K.M Nagar, Chennai – 600063

Ganadipathy Tulsi’s Engineering College
Chittoor–Cuddalore Road,
Kaniyambadi, Vellore-632 102

Gojan School of Business and Technology
Alamathy 80, Feet Road,
Alamathi, Chennai – 600 052.

Gopal Ramalingam Memorial Engineering College
Rajeswari Nagar, Panapakkam, Near Padappai,
Via Tambaram, Chennai – 601 301.

I.F.E.T College of Engineering
East Pondy Road, Gangarampalayam,
Valavanur (Post), Villupuram – 605 108

Idhaya Engineering College for Women
Idhaya Nagar, Nainarpalayam Road,
Chinna Salem – 606 201,
Villupuram District

Indira Gandhi College of Engineering & Technology for Women
68, Athur Village (P.O), Chengalpattu,
Kancheepuram High Road, Chengalpattu Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 603 101.

Indira Institute of Engineering and Technology
1,VGR Gardens, VGR Nagar,
Pandur – 631 203,
Tiruvallur Taluk & District.

J.A. Institute of Engineering and Technology **
No.42,2nd Street, Srinivasa Nagar,
Koyambedu, Chennai-600 107.

J.N.N. Institute of Engineering
Ushaa Garden, 90, Kannigaipair Village,
Uthukottai Taluk, Thiruvallur District – 601 102.

Jaya Engineering College
C.T.H. Road, Prakash Nagar,
Thiruninravur – 602 024.

JEI Mathaajee College of Engineering
Vishakandikupam Village,
Kancheepuram District – 631 552.

Jeppiar Engineering College
Jeppiaar Nagar,
Old Mahapaliburam Road,
Chennai – 600 119.

Jerusalem College of Engineering
Velachery Main Road, Narayanapuram,
Pallikkaranai, Gowrivakkam Post,
Kancheepuram District – 601 302.

K.C.G. College of Technology
Old Mahabalipuram Road, Karapakkam Village,
Sholinganallur Post Office, Chengalpet Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 600 096.

Kalsar College of Engineering,
109, Mannur Village, Sriperambudur Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 602 105 .

Kamban Engineering College
Chitoor-Cuddalore National Highway,
Mathur Village, Tiruvannamalai Town,
Mathur Post, Tiruvannamalai Taluk,
Tiruvannamalai District – 606 603

Kanchi Pallavan Engineering College
Kolivakkam, Iyyengarkulam Post – 631502
Kancheepuram Taluk & District

Karpagavinayaga College of Engineering and Technology
G.S.T. Road, Chinna Kollambakkam Village,
Palayanoor Post, Maduranthagam Taluk,
Kanchipuram District – 603 308.

Kings Engineering College
Irungattu Kottai,
Sriperumbudur, Chennai – 602 105.

Kingston Engineering College
Chithoor Main Road, Christianpet Village,
Mettukulam Panchayat, Katpadi Taluk,
North Arcot District – 632 059.

Lakshmichand Rajani College of Engineering and Technology
Kanchipadi Village, Thiruthani Taluk, 631 204

Lord Venkateshwara Engineering College.
Pulliyampakkam Village, Walajabad Post office,
Kanchipuram Taluk,
Kanchipuram District – 631 605

Loyola Institute of Technology
Mevalur Kuppam B Village, Palanchoor,
Nazerathpet – Post, Chennai – 602 103.

Maamallan Institute of Technology
Maamallan Nagar, Vadamangalam
Sriperumpudur – 602 105.

Madha Engineering College
Madha Nagar, Somangalam Road,
Kundrathur Village, Kundrathur Post Office,
Sriperumpudur Taluk,
Kancheepuram District - 600 069

Magna College of Engineering
Redhills-Tiruvallur High Road,
Magaral Village, Koduvalli Post office,
Tiruvalluur Taluk, Tiruvallur District,
Chennai 600 055.

Maha Barathi Engineering College
A.Vasudevanur, Chinnasalem Kallakurichi Taluk,
Villupuram District – 606 201.

Mailam Engineering College
Mailam – 604 304. Tindivanam Taluk.
Villupuram District.

Measi Academy of Architecture
Assocaition Gardens,
No. 87, Peters Road, Royapettah,
Chennai – 600 014

Meenakshi College of Engineering
No 12,Vembuliamman Koil St,
Virugambakkam,
Chennai - 92

Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College
363, Arcot Road, Kodambakkam,
Chennai – 600 024.

Misrimal Navajee Munoth Jain Engg. College
Guru Marudhar Kesari Building,
Jyothi nagar, Thorapakkam,
Chennai – 600097

Mohamed Sathak A.J. College of Engineering
Old Mahabalipuram Road, Egattur Village,
Kelanbakkam Post Office, Chengelpet Taluk,
Kancheepuram District - 603 103.

New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engineering & Technology
Vengaivasal Main Road,
Gowrivakkam, Chennai – 600 073.

P.B. College of Engineering
Irungkattukottai, Sriperumbudhur Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 602 105.

PMR Engineering College
Adayalampatu (Near Madhuravoyal),
Ambattur Taluk,
Chennai – 600 095.

P.M.R. Institute of Technology
Adayalampattu Village, Ambattur Taluk,
Tiruvallur District – 600 095.

P. T. Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering and Technology
Oovery Village, Veliyur Post,
Kancheepuram Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 631 502

Pallavan College of Engineering
Thimmasamudram, Iyyengarkulam,
Kancheepuram Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 631502

Panimalar Engineering College
Bangalore Trunk Road, Varadharajapuram,
Nasareth Pettai (Post), Poonamalle (Taluk),
Chennai - 602 103.

Panimalar Institute of Technology
No. 391, Bangalore Trunk Road,
Varadharajapuram, Poonamalle,
Chennai – 602 103.

Prathyusha Institute of Technologys and Management
Poonamallee-Tiruvallur Road,
Aranvayal Kuppam Village,
Aranvayal Post,
Thiruvallur Taluk - 602 025.

Prince Shri Venkateshwara Padmavathy Engineering College
Medavakkam – Mambakkam Road,
Ponmar Village,Ponmar Post office,
Chengalpet Taluk,
Kancheepuram District - 600048

Priyadarshini Engineering College
Chettiyappanur Village & Post,
Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Vellore District

R.M.D. Engineering College
G.N.T Road, Kavaraipettai Village,
Kavaraipettai Post office, Gummidipoondi Taluk,
Thiruvallur District - 601 206.

R.M.K. College of Engineering & Technology
R.S.M. Nagar, Puduvoyal,
Gummidipoondi Taluk,
Tiruvallur District – 601 206.

R.M.K. Engineering College
G.N.T Road,N.H.No 5, Kavaraipettai Village,
Kavaraipettai Post office, Gummidipoondi Taluk,
Tiruvallur District - 601 206.

Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Rajalakshmi Nagar, Thandalam,
Sriperumbudur Taluk, Kancheepuram District,
Chennai – 602 105.

Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology
Irulapalayam, Kuthampakkam Post,
Pin – 602 107.

Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering
Nemili Village, Sriperumbudur,
Kancheepuram District - 602 105.

Ranipettai Engineering College
Thenkadappanthangal, Wallajah Taluk,
Vellore District - 632 513

RRASE College of Engineering
Vanchuvancherry,
Padappai-Walajah Bath Road,
Padappai, Kancheepuram District – 601 301.

S.A. Engineering College
Veeraraghavapuram, Thiruverkadu post,
Tiruvellore District - 600 077.

S.K.P Engineering College
Chinnakangiyanur,
Tiruvannamalai - 606 611

S.K.R. Engineering College
Agarmmel village,
Poonamallaee Post & Taluk,
Thiruvallur – 602 103

Sakthi Engineering College
St.Mary’s Nagar, Prakash Nagar,
Thiruninravur – 602 024,
Chennai [Near Avadi]

Sakthi Mariamman Engineering College
101, Thandalam,
Sriperumbudhur - 602 105.

SAMS College of Engineering and Technology
82, Panapakkam, Chennai-Thirupathi Road,
Periyapalayam, Uthukkotai Taluk,
Tiruvallur District - 600 102.

Saraswathi Velu College of Engineering
Jambukulam Road,
Melvenkatapuram (Vill),
Katrambakkam Post, Walajah Taluk,
Vellore District – 631 102

Saveetha Engineering College
Saveetha Nagar,Thandalam Village,
Thandalam Post, Sriperumbudur Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 602 105.

Shree Motilal Kanhaiyalal Forma Institute of Technology
Old Mahabalipuram Road
Thaiyur Village, Kelambakkam,
Chengelput Taluk,
Kancheepuram District – 603 103.

Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology
Madras-Bangalore Highway,
Chembarambakkam Village,
Poonamalle Taluk,
Thiruvallur District - 602 103.

Sri Andal Alagar College of Engineering
#6,G.S.T. Road, Mamandur – 603111
Madurantakam Taluk,
Kancheepuram District.

Sri Aravindar Engineering College
Pondy – Mailam Road, Sedarapet Post,
Vanur Taluk Villupuram District – 605 111.

Sri Balaji Chockalingam Engineering College
Irumbedu Village, Arni Taluk,
Thiruvannamalai District – 632 317

Sri Krishna Engineering College
Panapakkam Village,
Serpanancherry Post (Near Padappai),
Sri Perumpudur Taluk, (Tambaram Via)
Kancheepuram District-601 301.

Sri Lakshmi Ammal Engineering College
Thiruvencheri, Selaiyur,
Kanchipuram Dist. 600 073

Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology
Chakkarayapuram (Near Poonamallee),
Kundrathur Road,
Near Mangadu, Chennai – 600 069.

Sri Nandhanam College of Engineering and Technology
Molagarampatti,
Tirupattur – 635 601

Sri Padmavathy College of Engineering
Mevalur Kuppam, Valarpuram post,
Kanchipuram District – 602105

Sri Ram Engineering College
Perumalpattu Village, Veppampattu(R.S.),
Tiruvallur District – 602024.

Sri Ramanujar Engineering College
Nedunkundram, Kolapakkam,
Vandalur,
Chennai – 600 048

Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology
Sai Leo Nagar, Darkas Road,
West Tambaram, Chennai – 600 044.

Sri Sairam Engineering College
Tambaram to Somangalam Road
Sai Leo Nagar, Poonthandalam Village,
Dharkast Post, West Tambaram,
Chennai – 600 044.


Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering
Old Mahabalipuram Road, Kalavakkam Village,
Thiruporur Post Office,
Kancheepuram District - 603 110.

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering
Chennai-Bangalore Highways Road,
Pennalur Village, Sriperumbudur Post office,
Kancheepuram District – 602105

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering and Technology
Thirupachur,
Thiruvallur Taluk & District – 631203

Sri Venkateswara Institute of Science and Technology
Kolundhalur Village, Thiruppachur Post,
Thiruvallur Taluk,
Thiruvallur District – 631 203

Srinivasa Institute of Engineering and Technology
Poonamalle Bye Pass Road,
Ponnamalle,
Chennai – 600 056.

SRR Engineering College
Old Mamallapuram Road, Padur Village,
Chengalpattu Taluk,
Kancheepuram District - 603 103.

St. Joseph College of Engineering
Trinity Campus Nemili (Beemanthangal),
Sriperumbudur, Kancheepuram District – 602 105.

St. Joseph's College of Engineering
Old Mamallapuram Road, Chemmanchery Village,
Sholinganallur Post Office, Tambaram Taluk,
Kanchipuram District – 600 119.

St.Peter College of Engineering & Technology
(Formerly Chennai College of Engineering & Technology),
College Road,
Avadi, Chennai.
Surya College of Engineering & Technology
Vikravandi,
Villupuram District.

T.J. Institute of Technology
IT Highway, Old Mahabalipuram Road,
Karapakkam Village, Okklampet Post Office,
Tambaram Taluk, Kancheepuram District,
Chennai - 600 096.

Tagore Engineering College
Kelambakkam Road, Rathinamangalam Village,
Vandalur Post Office, Chengalpat Taluk,
Kancheepuram District - 600 048.

Thangavelu Engineering College
Old Mahabalipuram Road, Karapakkam Village,
Okklampet Post Office, Tambaram Taluk,
Kancheepuram District, Chennai - 600 096.


The New Royal College of Engineering and Technology
East coast Road, Poonjeri,
Mamallapuram, Chennai - 603 104.

Thirumalai Engineering College
Kilambi Village, Krishnapuram Post,
Kanchipuram Taluk & District – 631551

Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology
Ponnur Hills,
Vandavasi - 604 505.

V.K.K. Vijayan Engineering College
102, Irungattukottai Village,
Sriperumbudur,
Kancheepuram Dist:602 105

V.R.S. College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai – Trichy Road (NH-45),
Arasur Post Office, Ulundurpet Taluk,
Villupuram District - 607107

Valliammai Engineering College
S.R.M. Nagar,
Kattankulathur
Kancheepuram dist – 603 203

Vel High Tech Sri Rangarajan Sakunthala Engineering College
#60, Avadi-Alamathi Road, Morai Village,
Vellanur Post, Ambattur Taluk,
Tiruvellore District - 600 062.

Vel Multi Tech Sri Rangarajan Sakunthala Engineering College,
#42, Avadi-Alamathi Road, Morai Village,
Vellanur Post, Ambattur Taluk,
Tiruvellore District - 600 062.

Vel Tech
#42, Avadi-Alamathi Road, Morai Village,
Vellanur Post, Ambattur Taluk,
Tiruvellore District - 600 062.

Vel’s Srinivasa College of Engineering and Technology
Old Mahabalipuram Road,
Thalambur Village, Chengalpattu Taluk,
Kancheepuram District - 603 103.

Velammal Engineering College
Ambattur Red Hills Road,
Veelamal Nagar, Surapet,
Chennai - 600 066.

Velammal Institute of Technology
Chennai-Kolkatta Highway,
Panchetti Village, Ponneri Taluk,
Thiruvallur District – 601 204.

UNIT – 3

COMPARISON METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS
w D.C & A.C potentiometers
w D.C & A.C bridges
w transformer ratio bridges
w self-balancing bridges
w Interference & screening
w Multiple earth and earth loops
w Electrostatic and electromagnetic interference
w Grounding techniques.

Potentiometers
w DC Potentiometers.
w AC Potentiometers.
A Potentiometer is an instrument designed to measure an unknown voltage by comparing it with a known voltage.

Bridges

Ø DC bridge
Ø AC bridge.

Resistance
w Low Resistance(<1v)> 0.1M V)
Low Resistance(<1v) color="#ff0000">Medium Resistance(1V to 0.1M V)
w Ammeter-voltmeter method
w Substitution method
w Wheatstone bridge method
w Ohmmeter method
Wheat stone Bridge
High Resistance(> 0.1M V)
w Direct deflection method
w Loss of charge method
w Meg ohm bridge
w megger
Inductance
w Measurement of self Inductance
Ø Maxwell’s Inductance bridge
Ø Maxwell’s Inductance- capacitance bridge
Ø Hay’s bridge
Ø Owen’s bridge
Ø Anderson’s bridge
w Measurement of mutual Inductance
Ø Heaviside mutual Inductance bridge
Ø Carey foster bridge Heydweiller bridge
Ø Campbell’s bridge
Maxwell’s Inductance Capacitance Bridge
Capacitance
w De sauty’s bridge
w Schering bridge
Schering Bridge
Frequency
w Wien’s Bridge.
Transformer Ratio Bridge
w They are replacing the conventional AC bridge.

MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT I

Concepts of Measurement

1. Measurements
   Measurement of a given quantity is essentially an act or result of comparison between the quantity (whose magnitude is unknown) and predetermined or predefined standards.
   Two quantities are compared the result is expressed in numerical values.
2. Basic requirements for a meaningful measurement
   The standard used for comparison purposes must be accurately defined and should be commonly accepted.
   The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable (verifiable).
3. Significance Of Measurement
   Importance of Measurement is simply and eloquently expressed in the following statement of famous physicist Lord Kelvin: ”I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and can express it in numbers, you know something about it; when you cannot express in it numbers your knowledge is of meager and unsatisfactory kind”
4. Two major functions of all branch of engineering
   Design of equipment and processes
   Proper Operation and maintenance of equipment and processes.
5. Methods of Measurement
   Direct Methods
   Indirect Methods
6. DIRECT METHODS: In these methods, the unknown quantity (called the measurand ) is directly compared against a standard.
7. INDIRECT METHOD: Measurements by direct methods are not always possible, feasible and practicable. In engineering applications measurement systems are used which require need of indirect method for measurement purposes.
8. Instruments and Measurement Systems.
   Measurement involve the use of instruments as a physical means of determining quantities or variables.
   Because of modular nature of the elements within it, it is common to refer the measuring instrument as a MEASUREMENT SYSTEM.
9. Evolution of Instruments.
   a) Mechanical
   b) Electrical
   c) Electronic Instruments.
   
   MECHANICAL: These instruments are very reliable for static and stable conditions. But their disadvantage is that they are unable to respond rapidly to measurements of dynamic and transient conditions.
   ELECTRICAL: It is faster than mechanical, indicating the output are rapid than mechanical methods. But it depends on the mechanical movement of the meters. The response is 0.5 to 24 seconds.
   ELECTRONIC: It is more reliable than other system. It uses semiconductor devices and weak signal can also be detected.
10. Classification Of Instruments
    Absolute Instruments.
    Secondary Instruments.
    ABSOLUTE: These instruments give the magnitude if the quantity under measurement terms of physical constants of the instrument.
    SECONDARY: These instruments are calibrated by the comparison with absolute instruments which have already been calibrated.
11. Further its classified as
    Deflection Type Instruments
    Null Type Instruments.
    Functions of instrument and measuring system can be classified into three. They are:
    i) Indicating function.
    ii) Recording function.
    iii) Controlling function.
12. Application of measurement systems are:
    i) Monitoring of process and operation.
    ii) Control of processes and operation.
    iii) Experimental engineering analysis.
13. Types Of Instrumentation System
    Intelligent Instrumentation (data has been refined for the purpose of presentation )
    Dumb Instrumentation (data must be processed by the observer)
14. Elements of Generalized Measurement System
    Primary sensing element.
    Variable conversion element.
    Data presentation element.
    PRIMARY SENSING ELEMENT: The quantity under measurement makes its first contact with the primary sensing element of a measurement system.
    VARIABLE CONVERSION ELEMENT: It converts the output of the primary sensing element into suitable form to preserve the information content of the original signal.
    DATA PRESENTATION ELEMENT: The information about the quantity under measurement has to be conveyed to the personnel handling the instrument or the system for monitoring, control or analysis purpose.
15. Static Characteristics Of Instruments And Measurement Systems Application involved measurement of quantity that are either constant or varies slowly with time is known as static.
    Ø Accuracy
    Ø Drift
    Ø Dead Zone
    Ø Static Error
    Ø Sensitivity
    Ø Reproducibility
    Static Characteristics
    Ø Static correction
    Ø Scale range
    Ø Scale span
    Ø Noise
    Ø Dead Time
    Ø Hysteresis.
    Ø Linearity

Ø ACCURACY: It is the closeness with an instrument reading approaches the true value of the quantity being measured.
Ø TRUE VALUE: True value of quantity may be defined as the average of an infinite no. of measured value.
Ø SENSITIVITY is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the output response to that of input response.
Ø STATIC ERROR: It is defined as the difference between the measured value and true value of the quantity.
A=Am-At
Where Am =measured value of quantity ; At =true value of quantity. It is also called as the absolute static error.

SCALE RANGE: The scale range of an instrument is defined as the difference between the largest and the smallest reading of the instrument.
Suppose highest point of calibration is Xmax units while the lowest is Xmin units, then the instrument range is between Xmin and Xmax.

SCALE SPAN: Scale span or instrument span is given as Scale span= Xmax - Xmin
It is the difference between highest and lowest point of calibration.
Reproducibility is specified in terms of scale readings over a given period of time.
Drift is an undesirable quality in industrial instruments because it is rarely apparent and cannot be maintained.
It is classified as
a) Zero drift
b) Span drift or sensitivity drift
c) Zonal drift.

Noise
w A spurious current or voltage extraneous to the current or voltage of interest in an electrical or electronic circuit is called noise.

Generated Noise Conducted Noise Radiated Noise

16. Dynamic Characteristics of Measurement System
• Speed of response
• Measuring lag
• Fidelity
• Dynamic error
• SPEED OF RESPONSE :It is defined as the rapidity with which a measurement system responds to changes in measured quantity. It is one of the dynamic characteristics of a measurement system.
• FIDELITY: It is defined as the degree to which a measurement system indicates changes in the measured quantity without any dynamic error.

Dynamic Error
It is the difference between the true value of the quantity changing with time and the value indicated by the measurement system if no static error is assumed. It is also called measurement error. It is one the dynamic characteristics.

Measuring Lag
It is the retardation delay in the response of a measurement system to changes in the measured quantity. It is of 2 types:
Retardation type: The response begins immediately after a change in measured quantity has occurred.
Time delay: The response of the measurement system begins after a dead zone after the application of the input.

17. Errors in Measurement
Limiting Errors (Guarantee Errors)
Known Error

Classification


Gross Error Systematic Or Cumulative ErrorRandom Or Residual Or Accidental Error

Instrumental Environmental Observational

Gross Error
Human Mistakes in reading , recording and calculating measurement results.
The experimenter may grossly misread the scale.
E.g.: Due to oversight instead of 21.5oC, they may read as 31.5oC
They may transpose the reading while recording (like reading 25.8oC and record as 28.5oC)

Systematic Errors
INSTRUMENTAL ERROR: These errors arise due to 3 reasons-
• Due to inherent short comings in the instrument
• Due to misuse of the instrument
• Due to loading effects of the instrument
ENVIRONMENTAL ERROR: These errors are due to conditions external to the measuring device. These may be effects of temperature, pressure, humidity, dust or of external electrostatic or magnetic field.
OBSERVATIONAL ERROR: The error on account of parallax is the observational error.
Residual error
This is also known as residual error. These errors are due to a multitude of small factors which change or fluctuate from one measurement to another. ‘The happenings or disturbances about which we are unaware are lumped together and called “Random” or “Residual”’. Hence the errors caused by these are called random or residual errors.
Arithmetic Mean
The most probable value of measured variable is the arithmetic mean of the number of readings taken.

Deviation
Deviation is departure of the observed reading from the arithmetic mean of the group of readings.

Standard Deviation
w The standard deviation of an infinite number of data is defined as the square root of the sum of the individual deviations squared divided by the number of readings.


Probable Error
Probable error of one reading(r1)=0.6745s
Probable error of mean (rm)
Calibration
w Calibration of all instruments is important since it affords the opportunity to check the instruments against a known standard and subsequently to find errors and accuracy.
w Calibration Procedure involve a comparison of the particular instrument with either
Ø a Primary standard
Ø a secondary standard with a higher accuracy than the instrument to be calibrated.
Ø an instrument of known accuracy.

18. Standards
A standard is a physical representation of a unit of measurement. The term ‘standard’ is applied to a piece of equipment having a known measure of physical quantity.
Types of Standards
– International Standards (defined based on international agreement )
– Primary Standards (maintained by national standards laboratories)
– Secondary Standards ( used by industrial measurement laboratories)
– Working Standards ( used in general laboratory)

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